PRIMARY SOURCES

There is no simple, foolproof way to find primary sources for historical research; rather, locating such sources tends to be an intuitive and creative process involving guesswork and blind alleys. Potentially useful materials can be found in journals, memoirs, letters, magazines, newspapers, and official documents published during the time you are interested in. Try searching the library catalog, adding the search term sources or documents to your keyword or using the names of prominent figures as authors. Primary documents may also be available in your library or on the Web, through the following sources.

  • American Periodicals Series, 1741–1900. 2,770 microfilm reels. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1946–79. A large collection of articles from journals published from colonial times through the nineteenth century. This database identifies journals focused on specific topics and offers full-text articles. It is available on microfilm and in electronic format.
  • The Civil War: A Newspaper Perspective. Wilmington: Accessible Archives, 1995–. Offers selected full-text articles in plain-text format from more than 2,500 issues of newspapers representing both southern and northern perspectives for the years 1860–1865. The database includes eyewitness accounts, hundreds of maps, official reports of battles, and advertisements from the period. It is available in electronic format.
  • HarpWeek. Norfolk: HarpWeek, 1990–. An electronic edition of the contents of Harper's Weekly, a popular, illustrated publication, for the years 1857–1916. Images of the pages have been digitally scanned to retain the original appearance and include both illustrations and full text. Some libraries may have only segments of this database covering the Civil War and/or Reconstruction.
  • Historical Newspapers Online. Ann Arbor: ProQuest, 1999–. Offers the searchable full text of the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and other newspapers from their first issue on. Users can view both the article in its original format and the entire page on which the article appeared.
  • New York Times Index. New York: New York Times, 1851–. A valuable print source for finding newspaper coverage on a particular historical topic. Topics are grouped under broad subjects, with individual stories listed chronologically. Each index citation provides the date, section, page, and column of a story. Even without reading the stories themselves, users can get a detailed sequence of events from the index. Though the keyword search capability of Historical Newspapers Online offers some advantages, this print index provides a unique chronological record of events.
  • The Official Index to the Times. London: Times Publishing, 1966–. An excellent source for news on British life and world affairs, from 1790 on. It offers citations for articles from the London Times and is available in print and electronic formats. Sections of this index are published as Palmer's Index to the Times.
  • Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, 1802–1881. 6 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1892. With supplement covering 1882–1906. Provides citations to American and English periodicals, books, newspapers, and government documents of the nineteenth century. An electronic edition is also available, with 3.8 million citations and enhanced indexing.
  • Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature. New York: Wilson, 1900–. Indexes popular magazines by subject. This index is a good source for popular reactions to events, literary topics, and popular culture of the twentieth century. It is available in print and electronic formats. A companion index covers 1890–1900.

Web resources: Primary documents
  • American Memoryhttp://memory.loc.gov A rich source of electronic reproductions of texts, images, sound, and film from the collections of the Library of Congress and collaborating libraries and museums. Materials include motion pictures from as early as 1897, sound recordings from World War I, and more than 300 pamphlets written by African Americans between Reconstruction and World War I. Browse collections using the "collection finder" or search across collections.
  • The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School: Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacyhttp://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/avalon.htm A collection of full-text primary source documents particularly rich in legal and diplomatic history and human rights. Organized by period and topic and searchable by keyword, this collection is well edited and of high quality. Documents include internal links to materials referenced in the text.
  • EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents from Western Europehttp://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs A wealth of primary source material from 22 countries (plus Vatican City). Sites are sorted by country and listed chronologically. Available sources include letters, facsimiles of paintings and photographs, journals, and official documents. The links are compiled by Richard Hacken at Brigham Young University Library.
  • Internet History Sourcebooks Projecthttp://www.fordham.edu/halsall/index.html A large collection of online texts and primary documents for the study of history. Three major sourcebooks, edited by Paul Halsall of Fordham University, cover ancient, medieval, and modern history; other collections are focused on history of science, African history, Islamic history, women's history, and more.
  • Making of America http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp A digital archive of books and journals from the antebellum period through Reconstruction, extremely useful for the study of American social history, with strengths in education, science and technology, psychology, sociology, and American history. A work in progress, it already includes the full text of over 8,000 books and 50,000 journal articles published in the nineteenth century.
Web resources: Government documents
  • Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papershttp://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/frusonline.html Provides collected correspondence, memoranda, treaties, presidential messages, and other documents related to U.S. foreign policy, arranged chronologically and by region. Online volumes cover the years from the Truman through the Johnson administration. For earlier documents, see the print collection Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1861–).
  • Public Papers of the Presidents of the United Stateshttp://www.gpoaccess.gov/pubpapers/about.html A repository of proclamations, speeches, statements, photographs, and other presidential papers. Currently available online are documents from the George H. W. Bush administration on. Papers from Hoover on will eventually be added; for now, see the print version of Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington: Office of the Federal Register, 1957–).
  • American Culture Series. 643 microfilm reels. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1941–74. Reproduces over 6,000 American books and pamphlets published between 1493 and 1875. The materials are organized by 12 disciplines. Series I spans 1493–1806; the larger Series II expands the pre-1806 material and extends to 1875.
  • American Women's Diaries. 90 microfilm reels. New Canaan: Readex, 1980–. Reproduces the diaries of women who lived and traveled in the western, southern, and eastern United States. Available on microfilm only.
  • Early English Books, 1475–1640. 2,034 microfilm reels. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1938–67. Early English Books, 1641–1700. 2,396 microfilm reels. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1961–. A vast collection of books from the first texts printed in England to the Restoration. Full texts are available in microfilm and in electronic format as Early English Books Online (EEBO).
  • Early English Text Society Series. 287 vols. London: Early English Text Society and IDC Publisher, 1864–. A long-running scholarly series that republishes Old English and Middle English texts in scholarly editions, bringing unpublished manuscripts, medieval dramas, and historical documents into print. New volumes of the series are being published by the Oxford University Press.
  • March of America Facsimile Series. 103 vols. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1966. A reprint series of original editions of early English accounts of travel to the New World. Available in print only.


You may want to undertake an oral history project or track down oral histories that others have compiled by consulting the Oral History Index (Westport: Meckler, 1990) or the Directory of Oral History Collections (Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1988). Or you can simply search your library's catalog using the term oral history or combining oral history with a keyword. Also consider getting primary sources from a county or state historical society's collections or even from the archives of your own college or university. You may find yourself working with material no one else has analyzed before.

 
       
   
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